Category: Health

Not long after the Eaton fire displaced her family from their Los Angeles home, 10-year-old Emory Stumme broke down. The tears came during a family dinner, and she struggled to catch her breath.

“You just were like, ‘I can’t pick up this fork, it’s too heavy,’ ” Emory’s mother, Becca, told her, recounting the episode. “You started crying and laughing and crying, and then heaving. I was like, ‘Oh my God, she’s really having a mental break.’ “

Becca Stumme, her husband and their two kids lost their Altadena home in the fire. Emory and her 3-year-old brother’s schools hit pause until they could relocate. When the Eaton and Palisades fires sparked in January — respectively the second- and third-most destructive in California history — familiarity, friend groups and routines were upset for Emory and many of her peers.

So, when Becca heard about a free day camp that had popped up in northeast LA to help out families displaced by the fires, she signed up her daughter. It was part of a series of free day camps in Southern California organized by Project:Camp, which aims to provide some normalcy for children displaced by disaster.

Mikey Latner founded Project:Camp in 2018, inspired by what he saw as a need to help kids cope with their stress when their routines are disrupted. The idea sprung from his work in Houston the year prior with kids displaced by Hurricane Harvey. He said camp counselors are uniquely equipped to care for children in the wake of natural disasters. The camp’s approach, Latner said, is rooted in research showing that adverse childhood experiences are linked to lifelong physical and mental health problems.

“By providing that sense of safety and normalcy at camp, we can help to lower their stress levels, return them to a routine, and only then can they start to create a narrative around what has happened … so that they understand that something has happened and that they’re safe now — to end that uncertainty and fear,” Latner said.

With its first camp up and running three days after the Palisades fire ignited on Jan. 7, Project:Camp ended up putting on a total of 10 camps throughout the region, welcoming 5- to 16-year-olds. Many of the camps lasted for two or three weeks.

The program offered typical day camp activities such as arts and crafts, and games like tag. Other activities drew more directly from the camp’s trauma-informed approach. Mental health professionals were on site as volunteers to help address emotional issues that came up for kids.

The disruption of routines, community and familiarity by the wildfires have taken a toll on children’s mental health, said Kat O’Malley, an associate marriage and family therapist practicing in the Los Angeles area, who volunteered at the camp. Since the fires, she said, parents have reached out to her seeking therapy for their kids after noticing signs of emotional and physical distress tied to the tragedy. Some kids are experiencing an increase in panic or nightmares, are more prone to separation anxiety and mood swings, while others appear unaffected, according to O’Malley.

“Their sense of safety, stability — that was all rocked,” she said.

For kids who experience a natural disaster, O’Malley said, it helps to find some sense of normalcy to begin the healing process.

Becca said Emory’s time at the camp gave her daughter a chance to connect with friends while her school was paused.

“The first day that we picked her up from camp, I was like, ‘Oh this is the old kid again,’ ” Stumme said. “She was able to see her friends and be outside and play and just be a kid and not have to worry about, like, ‘Where are we staying tonight?’ or ‘What clothes do I have?’ “

Marah Eakin said sending her 6-year-old twins to the camp gave her some much-needed space to process her own feelings and handle “grown-up stuff,” like insurance paperwork.

The Eakin family has been bouncing from one short-term rental to another. The home they had rented in Altadena still stands, about 100 feet outside of the burn scar of the Eaton fire. But, while they work to get their landlord to clean the place of ash and potentially other toxic chemicals, she said it’s unclear if or when they’ll be able to return.

When Marah’s kids’ school resumed, not all of their classmates returned, the mother said. “A lot of their friends are scattered to the wind,” she said.

Her daughter Zella misses her stuffed animals that got left behind.

What might seem to some like an insignificant loss is often no small thing to a child struggling to cope with such losses, O’Malley said. Whether it’s stuffed animals or the family pet, the therapist said, kids grieve all kinds of things that might shape their sense of who they are.

“The biggest thing I think that comes up in grief work is when something changes your identity,” she said. “Oh, I have seven guinea pigs, six of them are hairless — that’s my fun fact — and one of my guinea pigs died last month, and I keep going, do I have to say six now instead of seven? It changes the way you introduce yourself, it changes so much about your identity, to have these shifts.”

Children ultimately guide the program at Project:Camp, O’Malley said, while the adults allow them the space to talk through feelings that might arise throughout the day. There are frequent mental wellness checks, during which kids are encouraged to pick a number representing their feelings, in a 1 to 10 range. “”Gratitude circles” invite kids to share what makes them grateful; sometimes they are thankful for the food, or seeing friends. Through exercises like this, the camp’s program can give kids opportunities to have their own story heard, said O’Malley.

“When somebody else goes, ‘Oh, this all happened for a reason’ — it’s not for someone else to tell you what your experience was,” she said. “That can be really diminishing. But when you yourself make meaning of an event, that can be very powerful.”

Often, the healing — sharing their feelings, telling their story — happens during the in-between moments, she said.

“You’re like, ‘Does anyone need to share?’ And people are like, ‘No, we want to get to lunch,’ ” O’Malley said. “And then on the way to lunch, somebody goes, ‘Oh wow, this reminds me of my kitchen that had this really beautiful tile in it, and I’m sad that tile’s gone. That was really meaningful to my family — Oh yay, hot dogs!’ “

Reviewed by Brian St. Pierre, MS, RD and Helen Kollias, PhD

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It’s like my thoughts were under a pile of garbage.

On a Friday night, as my husband and I tried to figure out where to eat, a typical conversation would go like this:

Me: Do you want to go to that restaurant?

Him: What restaurant?

Me: I can’t think of the name. We’ve eaten there before. It’s that place with the peanut shells on the floor? It’s next to… You know… It’s on that road where we used to take the dog to the vet. Do you know the one I’m talking about??

It was as if certain details got lost in a pile of sludge in the deep recesses of my brain. Then, hours later, the details would escape, and I’d shout into an empty room…

“Texas Roadhouse!”

Sludginess with proper nouns is typical for people who are middle-aged and beyond.

However, what seemed to be happening to me, increasingly in my late 40s and early 50s, felt far from typical.

Not only could I never seem to spit out the names of various restaurants or people or books or movies or so many other things, but my brain was also pooping out during the workday.

I’d sit in front of my computer screen, stare at a document, and will myself to do something constructive with my fingertips. Everything seemed hazy, like those first few moments in the morning when you’re awake enough to turn off the alarm but too sleepy to do basic math.

I had my good moments, usually in the morning, when I attempted to pack eight hours of writing into the two or three hours I possessed mental clarity.

On my worst days, however, I awoke with a haze I never managed to shake. Work was a non-starter. Nor did I have enough bandwidth to read, or do much of anything, really.

I sought medical advice.

Three healthcare professionals recommended antidepressants. I tried one, and felt even worse. I tried another. I tried yet another at a higher dose. Still, I felt like a zombie. Another professional gave me a sleeping pill. It left me feeling even more drugged.

Someone tested my thyroid. There was nothing wrong with it. Nor was I anemic. I tried supplements, mushroom coffee, and just about any product with the word “think” somewhere on its label.

Finally, after nearly two years of seeing a revolving door of doctors, I made an appointment with a gynecologist for my yearly exam. I mentioned vaginal dryness. That information triggered her to ask a string of questions that had nothing to do with my undercarriage. How was my sleep? Mood? Energy levels? Was I experiencing hot flashes? How about brain fog?

“Funny you should mention brain fog,” I said in my usual hazy monotone. “I feel like I’m barely alive.”

By the end of the visit, I understood that I’d likely never had depression.

What I “had” was menopause.

My gynecologist sent me home with prescriptions for estradiol and progesterone.

Within days, it was as if someone had flipped a switch.

I could think again. I could type words again. I could follow conversations. I could work past noon.

And, for the first time in years, I could sleep more than two hours without waking.

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Now, menopause isn’t a medical condition.

Nor is it a disease.

Instead, like puberty, it’s a life stage—a transitional moment to be precise.

Once you’ve gone 12 consecutive months without a period, you’ve reached menopause. And from that moment onwards, you’re officially “postmenopausal.”

As women approach this transitional moment, hormone levels fluctuate and fall, triggering dozens of symptoms. Weight gain and reduced sex drive get a lot of attention.

However, during and after menopause, roughly 40 percent of women report increased irritability, mood swings, anxiety, fatigue, and trouble concentrating, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.^{1 2} As the following image shows, it’s also one of the most vulnerable times in a woman’s life to develop depression,³ particularly if they’ve struggled in the past with it before.

Before starting hormones, I often found myself sobbing for no reason. Other times, the world’s stimuli felt too… stimulating.

Normal everyday sounds—like the buzz of traffic or people at the mall—literally hurt. I was jumpy and irritable and felt anxious about situations that had never bothered me in the past, such as driving over bridges or through construction.

It’s not completely clear what drives these cognitive and emotional symptoms.

Fluctuating hormone levels likely play a role, as do typical age-related changes in the brain.

In addition, during this stage of life, women often deal with several issues that siphon cognitive capacity faster than a thirsty vampire drains a carotid.

During their 40s and 50s, for example, many women have reached the peak of their careers, with responsibilities that follow them home and keep them up at night. They may also be parenting angst-filled teens, caring for aging parents, adjusting to an empty nest, questioning their marriage, or trying to wrap their bank account around the latest statement from the college bursar or hospital billing department.

However, one of the lesser-known and talked about triggers for cognitive discontent has nothing to do with aging or life stress and everything to do with that hallmark menopausal symptom: the hot flash.

Anatomy of a hot flash

Hot flashes, which happen during the day, and night sweats, which occur at night, fall under the category of vasomotor symptoms. (The word “vasomotor” refers to the constriction or dilation of blood vessels which, in turn, can influence everything from blood pressure to sweating.)

During a hot flash or night sweat, norepinephrine and cortisol levels rise. Blood vessels dilate in an attempt to shed heat. Blood pressure and heart rate increase.

Depending on the severity of the hot flash, your skin might redden as sensations of warmth spread through your face, neck, and chest.

You might sweat, experience heart palpitations, or feel anxious, tired, or faint.⁴

It’s not entirely clear why hot flashes crop up around menopause.

According to one theory, falling estrogen levels affect the hypothalamus, the area of the brain involved in temperature regulation. The brain’s internal thermostat gets wonky and occasionally thinks your body is too hot or cold (when it’s not).

How vasomotor symptoms change the brain

For many years, experts thought of vasomotor symptoms as mere inconveniences or sources of embarrassment.

(To be honest, so did I. During all of those fruitless visits to various healthcare professionals, it never occurred to me to mention them.)

However, an increasing body of research has revealed that hot flashes may do more than make us uncomfortable or force us to change our sheets in the middle of the night.

They may also affect our blood vessels and brains—and not for the better.⁵ For this reason, an increasing number of experts now consider vasomotor symptoms to be a treatable medical condition.^{6 7 8}

Hot flashes and brain lesions

In one study, researchers asked 226 women to wear monitors that tracked when they were experiencing a hot flash. The women also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), filled out sleep diaries, and wore smartwatches that recorded how often they woke at night.⁹

As researchers looked at the brain images obtained from women who experienced the most hot flashes, they noticed an abundance of patchy areas called whole-brain white matter intensities.

These lesions were once thought of as a typical consequence of aging. However, neuroscientists now believe that the presence of whole-brain white matter intensities is predictive of future cognitive decline.

People with an abundance of these brain lesions are twice as likely to get diagnosed with dementia and three times as likely to have a future stroke.¹⁰

The blood vessel connection

It’s thought that the increased presence of whole-brain white matter intensities may stem, in part, from changes taking place in the blood vessels that feed the brain.

A three-year study of 492 women supports that theory. It determined that women who experienced frequent hot flashes also tended to experience unhealthy changes in their blood vessels, such as an inability to dilate to accommodate increased blood flow.¹¹

Other research has linked frequent hot flashes with increases in the following:

• Thickening in the carotid arteries that supply blood to the brain, face, and neck¹²
• Body fat
• Total and LDL cholesterol
• Insulin resistance^{13 14 15 16}

The sleep connection

In addition to directly affecting the blood vessels, frequent hot flashes may also affect the brain by disturbing sleep.¹⁷

Interestingly, many women don’t necessarily know that hot flashes are disturbing their sleep.

They may instead—as I did—assume they have insomnia or sleep apnea.

That’s because night sweats aren’t always sweaty.

By the time a surge in cortisol and norepinephrine jolts a woman awake, the hotness of the flash may have dissipated. So, it can feel as if she’s repeatedly waking, over and over and over again, for no discernable reason.

These frequent awakenings may interfere with the brain’s ability to consolidate memories, metabolize toxins, and store all the names, dates, and facts one encounters daily.

It can also lead to lost connectivity in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that’s important for learning and memory.

Sleep loss also means the amygdala, a part of the brain involved in emotion, becomes more reactive, causing people to feel more easily stressed, anxious, irritable, frustrated, or enraged.^{18 19}

All of these brain changes can set in after just days to a week of lost sleep. So, imagine what happens when you’ve been waking over and over again—for years.

Why it can be hard to get help

To diagnose depression, healthcare professionals use a tool called the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale. If you check off four of the nine symptoms on the scale, you’re considered depressed.

However, four of the symptoms on the checklist also overlap with the symptoms of menopause-related sleep deprivation:

• Little interest or pleasure in doing things
• Trouble falling or staying asleep
• Feeling tired or having little energy
• Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television

Check off those four items, and you might be diagnosed with depression, even if what’s really ailing you is the battle with sleep you’ve been waging since you turned 47.

A lack of menopause-specific training

Another problem: On surveys, 80 percent of medical residents admit they feel “barely comfortable” talking about menopause.²⁰ In addition, few residency programs—including ob-gyn residency programs—offer training in it.²¹

Given the above, it’s no wonder so many healthcare professionals never think to ask about hot flashes or sleep disturbances when people like me show up complaining of fatigue, lack of gumption, and an inability to focus.

In addition, even when it’s clear that vasomotor symptoms are leading to cognitive and emotional symptoms, many healthcare professionals still shy away from prescribing menopausal hormone therapy (also called hormone replacement therapy, or HRT), often telling women that supplemental hormones are “not safe” or “too risky.”

These professionals are practicing what Michigan-based menopause-trained gynecologist Jerrold H. Weinberg, MD, calls “defensive medicine.”

“It’s one of the first reflexes doctors have when they recommend a treatment,” says Dr. Weinberg. “They worry they’re going to get sued.”

What the research actually says about hormone therapy

These worries are based on research done several decades ago that linked the use of certain types of hormones with a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer or stroke.²²

However, according to more recent research, that small increased risk seems to depend on several other factors, such as age, dose, the type of hormonal preparation, and the duration of hormone use.^{23 24}

As long as you’re younger than 60 and have been postmenopausal for fewer than 10 years, many experts now say the benefits outweigh the risks for women with moderate to severe menopausal symptoms.²⁵

It’s also counterbalanced by health benefits such as reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or osteoporosis, says Dr. Weinberg, who confirms the health benefits of menopause hormone therapy far outweigh the risks for most women.

Because some antidepressants can lift mood, improve sleep, and reduce hot flashes, some healthcare professionals turn to them instead of menopause hormone therapy. As with any medicine, antidepressants have their own list of side effects. However, for someone practicing defensive medicine, they often seem like a safer bet, says Dr. Weinberg.^{26 27 28}

How to advocate for your health

If you or your client are on what seems like a never-ending quest to find a healthcare professional who understands menopause, use the following advice from Dr. Weinberg and Helen Kollias, PhD, an expert on physiology and molecular biology and science advisor at Precision Nutrition and Girls Gone Strong.

▶ Seek care from a menopause-trained health professional.

Usually, these professionals list this training and interest in their bio. For example, they might list “menopause” as an area of focus.

You can also search this database for practitioners who have earned a certification from the Menopause Society.

▶ Document your symptoms.

Write them down. That way, if you feel foggy or nervous during your appointment, you can lean on your notes.

This information can also help you judge whether MHT or another medicine is working. Based on your symptom data, you and your healthcare professional may decide to switch to a different medicine or change your dose.

Consider tracking:

• How often you get hot flashes
• The number of hours in a typical day you find yourself battling brain fog
• How often you experience fatigue, anxiety, rage, or some other symptom
• How often you wake up at night

▶ Be as specific as you can during your appointment.

Saying something like “I don’t sleep well,” is less likely to get you the right kind of help than saying, “During the past seven days, I’ve only gotten four uninterrupted hours once. I wake, on average, five times a night. On a typical night, my longest stretch of sleep is three hours.”

If you use a smartwatch, come ready to fire up your health app, so your healthcare professional can see the data.

▶ Talk about the pros and cons of treatment.

There’s a concept in medicine known as “shared decision-making.” Part of that process involves frank discussions about the benefits and risks of a given treatment. Then, patients and clinicians work together to make decisions based on those benefits and risks.

Many healthcare networks encourage clinicians to use shared decision-making, as it seems to reduce patient complaints as well as malpractice lawsuits.^{29 30}

For this reason, shared decision-making can help shift a healthcare professional out of the “defensive medicine” mindset.

You might ask questions like:

• “I’m interested in seeing if menopausal hormone therapy might be helpful. Could we discuss if I’m a good candidate?”
• “I’ve read that menopausal hormone therapy could slightly increase my risk of breast cancer. Could you help me understand my personal breast cancer risk based on my family history, age, body weight, and lifestyle?”
• “Osteoporosis runs in my family, as does dementia. I’ve heard that menopausal hormone therapy might help to reduce the risk for both, in addition to helping me sleep. Could you help me weigh the pros and cons?”

How to improve mental and emotional health during menopause: 9 lifestyle strategies

The lifestyle habits that improve mental and emotional health during menopause aren’t terribly different from the lifestyle habits that improve overall health—for any person, at any stage of life.

Other than avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and spicy or hot foods, there’s no special diet for people with vasomotor symptoms. (And by the way, tofu and other soy products don’t seem to help with vasomotor symptoms as much as once thought³⁰—though they’re still nutritious.)

Strategy #1: Lean into fundamental health strategies.

Healthy behaviors don’t necessarily change during middle age.

Nutrition, physical activity, stress management, sleep, social connectedness, and a sense of purpose matter just as much during the menopausal transition as they do when we’re younger. However, these fundamentals are even more important to dial in as life progresses.

So consider:

• Are you setting aside enough time for sleep and rest?
• Are you physically active?
• Are you eating a diet that’s mostly minimally processed and full of brightly colored produce, healthy fats, lean protein, fibrous vegetables, and legumes?
• Do you regularly connect with other humans in ways that help you buffer stress and feel supported?
• Do you find ways to experience awe, joy, curiosity, peace, and purpose?

If you answered “no” to some or all of those questions, consider why that is. What’s stopping you? How might you remove barriers or shore up support to make those fundamentals easier?

Strategy #2: Experiment with creatine.

In addition to helping to blunt age- and hormone-related losses in muscle and bone mass, creatine may also help bolster mood and brain function while reducing mental fatigue.

It also seems to counter some of the negative effects of sleep deprivation. ^{32 33} Research shows a daily dose of 5 to 7 grams of creatine monohydrate is effective.

Strategy #3: Get regular about light exposure.

In addition to helping you feel alert, sunlight helps to set the internal clock in your brain that makes you sleepy at night and spunky in the morning. Morning and late afternoon light exposure seem particularly potent.

In a study of 103 people, exposure to morning sunlight predicted better sleep quality the following night. When people spent time outdoors in the mornings, they fell asleep more quickly, slept longer, and experienced fewer awakenings the following evening.³⁴

Sunlight may also improve mood and concentration.³⁵

Strategy #4: Go easier at the gym.

If you’re already worn out, long, intense exercise sessions will likely make you feel worse.

For one, injuries crop up much more easily at middle age than during our 20s and 30s. In addition, it takes longer to recover between sessions.³⁶

String too many overly zealous workouts too close together, and you’ll not only likely start to feel achy but also more irritable, tense, and tired.

However, much like a cold shower, short bursts of exercise may help you to feel alert during the day.

If you’re falling asleep at your desk, encourage yourself to take short movement breaks such as a 5- or 10-minute walk outdoors or a quick set of pushups or squats.

In addition, you may find gentle exercise—such as yoga or stretching—helps you relax before bed. Just don’t make it too intense, or you’ll trigger a release of adrenaline.

Whenever you exercise, tune into how your body feels, especially after a particularly bad night of sleep.

We’re not saying you should never exercise vigorously or try to beat your lifting PRs. However, depending on your sleep and recovery, you might want to pare things back, especially if you’ve traditionally hit the gym hard.

You can still do intense sessions—just balance them out with more moderate sessions, as well as proportionate recovery.

Depending on how you feel, you might decide to go all out, as usual.

However, you might also decide to do a zone 2 training session instead of an intense run. Or, if you’re resistance training, you might still do your planned session, but reduce the number of sets, reps, or volume lifted.

Strategy #5: Investigate Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).

This research-based therapy for insomnia can help you develop skills and mental reframes that encourage sound sleep.

For example, a CBT-I therapist will help you develop the skill of getting up at the same time every day, regardless of how badly you slept (or didn’t sleep) the night before.

(Read more: Three CBT-I skills that can transform how you sleep.)

Strategy #6: Get real about stress.

You may not have the energy (or desire) to do everything you did when you were younger. (When you were 36, your daily checklist defied time and space.)

As a result, you might benefit from looking critically at your current responsibilities to see which ones you can shrink or downsize. For several days, track how you spend your time and bandwidth. Then, analyze your data.

Ask yourself:

• Is this how you truly want to spend your time and energy?
• Does your current schedule allow you to rest, recover, and tend to your own needs? Or, do you spend nearly all of your time and energy caring for and providing for others?
• What changes could you make to prioritize rest and recovery?

If you’re a coach, use the Wheel of Stress Assessment to help clients identify different dimensions of their life that might be draining their mental and emotional capacity. (When you know specifically where your stress is coming from, you have a better chance of resolving it.)

If it’s demands from other people that prevent you from prioritizing self-care and recovery, you might like to read: How saying “no” can seriously change your life.

Strategy #7: Experiment with cooling technology.

You might find you sleep better and experience fewer night sweats if you sleep in a cooler environment.

Try turning down the thermostat a couple of degrees, using a fan, or investing in an electric cooling mattress pad.

Strategy #8: Take frequent breaks.

When you feel the fog take over your brain, it’s not likely you’ll be doing “your best work” anyway.

So, for a block of time—say, 20 minutes—permit yourself to do nothing. You might:

• Relax with a cold beverage
• Cuddle with a pet
• Gaze out a window
• Sit outdoors while listening to the birds
• Call a friend

If you need a quick “refresh,” you can also try a 5-minute mind-body scan.

Get your body into a comfortable position. For example, you might use the yoga “legs up the wall” pose or lie down and place a pillow under your knees.

Then, close your eyes and bring your attention to physical sensations in your body. Start at your head, and work your way down to your toes.

Don’t judge or rush to change anything. Just observe, like a scientist. You can also scan your mind, for example, by noticing thoughts.

When you’ve completed the scan, consider:

• What are you feeling physically?
• What are you feeling emotionally?
• What are you thinking?

You don’t have to “do” anything with the information you uncover, just notice.

Strategy #9: Follow a diet that promotes healthy circulation.

The foods that protect the blood vessels around your heart can also protect the blood vessels in your brain.

For example, both the MIND and Mediterranean diets are associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease and depression.^{37 38} These eating patterns are rich in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, olives, beans, fish, and other minimally-processed whole foods.

In addition, nitrate-rich foods like beets and dark, leafy greens may help to dilate blood vessels, temporarily improving memory by helping more blood to reach the brain.^{39 40}

(For more on how our diet can support brain function and emotional regulation, read: Nutrition and mental health: What (and how) to eat)

The upside of menopause

It’s frustrating when you feel like you can’t do it all.

Believe me. I know.

However, this stage of life presents a hidden opportunity, forcing you to re-evaluate what’s most important.

Before going on hormones, as my ability to type coherent words and phrases diminished, I was forced to ask an important question:

Do I really need to be doing this?

It was more of an existential question than a career-related one, and it allowed me to reassess how I wanted to spend my limited mental resources.

Given that I was self-employed, I didn’t actually need to be working eight hours a day. That was a gift, wasn’t it?

Maybe I also didn’t need to cook dinner six nights out of seven. Maybe the recipes I chose could be simplified, too.

Finally, maybe saying “no” a lot more often and without regret would allow me to continue to say yes to the things that mattered most.

Things like visiting my aging parents.

And picking up the phone whenever my kid called from college.

Or meeting a friend for a meandering walk around town.

Thanks to the hormones and life tweaks, I now have energy again. I’m also clear-headed most of the time. However, I still tend to end my work day around 3 p.m.

Why?

Because I can, and I want to.

References

Click here to view the information sources referenced in this article.

I’ve written before about our morning routine and how it keeps our home humming. Now it’s time for me to dish the deets on nighttime routines. I also share my current personal nighttime routine and why I have the habits I do. 

Nighttime Routine for Moms (and Everyone Else)

A routine isn’t the same as a minute by minute schedule. One of the biggest breakthroughs for my sanity as a mom was switching to a block schedule. Routines fit perfectly into that and are basically scheduled habits. Once we get into the habit of routines, like brushing our teeth every morning, it quickly becomes second nature.

We can literally rewire the pathways in our brain in positive ways by using routines.

Consistency Plus Flexibility

 Kids thrive with consistency, routines, and knowing what comes next. This doesn’t mean our schedules have to be rigid and static, but it gives us a framework. Give yourself grace and wiggle room. Nighttime routines don’t work unless they’re tailored to your individual family’s needs and my health routines aren’t going to be identical to yours.

The Basics of a Nighttime Routine

Before we design our ideal nighttime routine, we have to think about our ideal morning (and next day). Reverse engineer your perfect day. Decide what your priorities and appointments are for the upcoming day and what you need to do to make them as smooth as possible.

If everyone takes a bunch of supplements in the morning, then use presorted pillboxes for easy access. If the baby is going to grandma’s for the afternoon, then make sure the diaper bag is stocked. Making coconut chicken curry in the Instant Pot for supper? Set it out to thaw.

Do it as a Family

This will depend on children’s ages and abilities, but I’ve found kids can often do more than we give them credit for. Years ago, I realized I didn’t have to do everything for my kids. It’s better for them if I don’t! Teaching children responsibility and self-reliance helps them to become strong, independent adults.

I have my own nighttime routine, but the kids have theirs alongside me. Kids can do simple evening chores, layout clothing, and pack their lunches, to name a few. Then there are the staples, like brushing teeth, pajamas, and bedtime stories.

Create Your Perfect Nighttime Routine

Here are different elements or steps to get you where you want to go. Decide what works for you and your family as you build your nighttime routine. It helps to have the family routines printed and displayed in an easy to see place, like the fridge. It could be as simple as a list, or you could include exact times or checkboxes for the kids.

1. Meal Prep

My kids are largely independent now and can handle their own breakfasts and lunches. The older ones can even cook a meal from scratch for the whole family. When they were little though, that was all on my shoulders.

If you have busy mornings then make-ahead breakfasts like banana bread muffins, baked oatmeal, or ham and egg cups can be lifesavers. These can be made the day/night before and reheated in the morning.

Are the kids going to school or co-op the next day? Then lunches need packed. Is bulgogi Korean beef on the meal plan? Make sure the ingredients are thawed and ready to go.

2. Avoiding the Mess Mayhem

I like to do a quick evening cleanup during our nighttime routine so I can start with a clean slate in the morning. A quick cleanup before bed helps ensure everything (most days) is in its place. This is something the kids can help with. Age-appropriate chores like, sweeping the floor after supper or loading the dishwasher helps everyone out.

3. What’s on Tomorrow’s Agenda?

Look at your schedule and see what appointments you have the next day to prep for. Do you need to pack the kid’s lunches/backpacks/sports bags? Once they’re old enough they can be entrusted with this responsibility. Certain items can be loaded in the car that night so there’s no bag left behind in the morning! 

The kids can also set out their own weather appropriate clothes for the next day (capsule wardrobes are great for this!). 

4. Leave Time to Digest

Our family eats pretty early in the day for several reasons. This fits best into our schedule, and it gives everyone time to really digest their food. The body can’t efficiently focus its resources on sleep when it’s busy trying to digest food.

I try to stop eating by sunset, or at least a few hours before bed. This simple practice helps:

• Support melatonin production
• Improves blood sugar regulation
• Helps us better detox during sleep
• Personally, I notice deeper sleep and a calmer heart rate when I do this

Along with that, I stop drinking fluids about an hour before hitting the hay. This helps me avoid getting up all night to go to the bathroom.

5. Nighttime Supplements

I have morning supplements that I take for clearer thoughts and more energy, but I also have a nighttime supplement routine. I regularly take Pectasol (modified citrus pectin) and enzymes, or binders like Carbon Cleanse on an empty stomach. This combination helps me reduce inflammation, support my detox pathways, and sleep better. Here’s a list of all my nighttime supplements.

6. Avoid Blue Light

Blue light has gotten a bad rap, but we actually need it for healthy cortisol during the day. At night though, it can disrupt sleep, leading to a host of health issues. That’s why I started wearing blue-light blocking glasses at night years ago.

I also switched the overhead lightbulbs in the house to daylight mimicking ones. Once sunset hits, the lamps with red light bulbs come on instead. By positioning the nighttime light at or below eye level, this mimics natural light angles, like campfire or sunset.

Our family also switches off screens to avoid blue light at night. And our phones go into the charging drawer in the kitchen before bed. If inspiration strikes and I feel like writing, I use this special bluelight-free  Daylight computer. And if I have to use the phone, I use it with a red light filter.

By turning off the blue light this helps signal our body’s circadian rhythms and supports melatonin production. It also improves blood sugar signaling, cortisol levels, and helps us get a better night’s sleep.

7. Avoid EMFs

In the past we used to turn off the WIFI every night. I learned though that this can damage the computer router over time. Now the phones go in the charging drawer and I sleep under a special EMF blocking canopy. Even if I have my phone under the canopy I don’t get a signal! 

If you prefer to turn the WIFI off in the house you can put the job on autopilot with this EMF Safe Switch. 

8. Optimize Your Sleep Environment

We spend about a third of our lives in bed. By creating a healthy sleep environment we can get the biggest bang for our buck when it comes to health habits. This is why I sleep in linen or silk pajamas and linen sheets. It’s an easy way to avoid microplastics (non-natural fibers) against my skin for at least 8 hours a day. 

When the temperature lowers at night it triggers neurons in our brain to release melatonin and help us sleep. One option is to set the thermostat to 60-70 degrees before bed. If you don’t want to add that much to your electric bill, another option is sleeping on a mattress cooling pad. I love my ChiliPad which cools just the mattress and I can pile on the cozy blankets. 

Along with sleeping cool, I also make sure the room is dark. Like can’t see my hand in front of my face dark. Blackout curtains can work, but I switched to blackout shades that block 100% of the light. This helps further signal to the brain that it’s time to rest and improves REM sleep.

I also sleep with a sound machine with white noise or gentle background music. With teenagers in the house I find that I’m now going to bed before them and this helps cover any noise! My air filter does double duty and also creates some white noise while it keeps the air clean. 

9. Red Light Therapy

Nighttime is usually when I try to get some red light therapy time in. Red light is natural and free during both sunrise and sunset and I take advantage of this whenever possible. I also have a red light panel that does the same thing. Using a red light helps reduce inflammation, supports the mitochondria and signals our hormones it’s time for bed. There’s also a lot of evidence showing it’s skin and other health benefits. 

10. Skincare and Lymph Routine

I take a few minutes at night to do a simple skincare routine and support my lymphatic system. Right now this involves a weekly clay mask from Alitura and nightly moisturizing with things like tallow or shea butter. I’m also loving the skincare products from Annmarie Gianni and my Magic Molecule toner. I also do a gentle lymphatic massage to support detox and boost circulation. 

11. Winding Down

There’s a lot going on during the day for any family, and moms carry a lot of that mental load. Instead of laying down and drifting off to sleep, it’s too easy to stay up thinking about tomorrow’s to-do list. One way to get rid of the excess mental clutter is to journal or meditate before bed.

I keep a gratitude journal that collects my daily thoughts. You can also write down tomorrow’s priorities if you’re anxious about forgetting something. Getting it all written out on paper helps our brains sort information and release tension.

Meditation is another really helpful way to wind down at night. It’s not about emptying the brain of all thoughts, but it helps us gain focus and deep rest. Even if you don’t have trouble sleeping at night, routine meditation can help make nighttime even better.

Here are some more of my calming evening rituals: 

• Drink Cacao Calm or herbal tea a few hours before sleep. This helps calm my nervous system and feels cozy. I like that it has adaptogenic herbs that make my brain give a sigh of relief.
• Put my legs up the wall for 5-10 minutes and use gentle movement. This easy exercise supports lymphatic flow, helps regulate the vagus nerve, and calms the nervous system. It especially feels great after a long day on my feet!

Sticking to the Nighttime Routine

Kids need time to wind down for the day and so do parents. When possible, it helps to have a firm bedtime, not stay up all night working or watching tv. This helps kids have consistency and ensures they’re getting enough sleep for their brain and body development.

While it doesn’t always happen, especially when there’s a baby involved, it’s good to have goals. Just don’t stress if things don’t always go perfectly!

It’s tempting to stay up late and take in all of the “me” time once the little ones hit the hay. However, late nights don’t make my body happy either and make for hard mornings. A good night’s rest starts with healthy daytime habits! 

I find it important to treat my nighttime and morning routines as sacred times for stillness, reconnection, and aligning with my body’s natural rhythms. Over time I’ve noticed better sleep, improved hormones, mood, and metabolism. 

Putting it Into Practice

The good news is that most of these healthy habits are cheap or free. My bedroom is one of the few places I’ve prioritized spending money because a lot of it is one and done. Like the EMF canopy, air filter, my Oura ring (to track health variables while I sleep), and mattress cooling pad. But these things aren’t strictly necessary to still have a good nighttime routine. 

It can be easy to look at a routine like this and want to (or feel like you need to) do all of it. Tailor your nighttime routine for your own needs and start with baby steps. Try adding in things a little at a time to make the habits stick. 

What are your nighttime routines and habits? Are there any you’d like to change?

May is National Foster Care Awareness Month — a time dedicated to recognizing the resilience of youth in foster care and the critical role we all play in supporting their journeys. For many of these young people, stepping onto a college campus is not just the start of a new chapter — it’s the start of a new life. That’s why Move-in Day Mafia exists: to ensure foster youth aren’t just seen during their college transition but truly supported.

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New Rooms, New Beginnings

For many, college is a time of firsts — first taste of independence, first real shot at shaping a future, and first steps into a world of possibility. It’s a season of discovery, excitement, and the thrill of the unknown. For many first-generation college students, these emotions run even deeper. But for young people emerging from the foster care system, the experience is often marked by an entirely different reality: survival.

Imagine stepping onto a college campus carrying every belonging you own in a single backpack. No parents to help set up your dorm. No family to send you care packages. No blueprint for how to navigate this brand-new world. Just hope — and the sheer will to succeed against the odds.

“Only 3–4% of youth who age out of foster care ever earn a college degree — Move-in Day Mafia is determined to change that.”

The hurdles facing foster youth are staggering. According to The National Foster Youth Institute, only about 3–4% of youth who age out of foster care ever earn a college degree. Many never even get the chance to enroll. The reasons are as heartbreaking as they are complex: unstable housing, lack of financial resources, emotional trauma, and an absence of reliable adult support. Even after overcoming these obstacles to reach a university, many foster youth find themselves isolated, ill-prepared, and overwhelmed.

That’s where Move-in Day Mafia comes in.

Move-in Day Mafia exists with a powerful, clear mission: to ensure that students from the foster care system are not forgotten as they step into college life. Their work begins with the basics — turning bare dorm rooms into safe, welcoming homes. A simple comfort like a real bed, a desk stocked with supplies, or a closet filled with essentials can mean the difference between feeling like an outsider and believing you belong.

For some of these students, a dorm room is the first stable place they’ve ever called their own. It’s their sanctuary, their launchpad, and their first real taste of what it means to dream without limits. And yet, without support, even something as basic as a furnished room can seem out of reach.

More than a Makeover

Through its involvement with Move-in Day Mafia, Cisco is helping bridge that gap. Beyond providing financial support, Cisco has mobilized its employees and resources to directly uplift these students — helping to furnish dorm rooms, supply technology needs, and ensure that no student walks into college empty-handed.

An inspiring example of this commitment is Cisco’s ongoing support for the “Adopt a Scholar” program. Through this initiative, Cisconians come together to purchase care package items for students preparing to begin their college journeys. These care packages are filled with essentials like bedding, toiletries, school supplies and even personal notes of encouragement. It’s a collective effort that brings the Cisco community together in support of new beginnings, sending a powerful message to each student: you are seen, you are valued, and you are supported.

Together, Move-in Day Mafia and Cisco are making sure that these young people — who have already faced more adversity than many do in a lifetime — have a foundation to build on. They’re sending a message that someone believes in their potential, that they are not alone, and that their dreams are valid.

For every pillow placed on a bed, every lamp set up on a desk, every laptop connected to Wi-Fi represents a new beginning. A fresh start. A way forward. Because every child deserves the chance to not just survive college — but to thrive.

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The federal government announced Wednesday that it is cancelling a contract to develop a vaccine to protect people against flu viruses that could cause pandemics, including the bird flu virus that’s been spreading among dairy cows in the U.S., citing concerns about the safety of the mRNA technology being used.

The Department of Health and Human Services said it is terminating a $766 million contract with the vaccine company Moderna to develop an mRNA vaccine to protect people against flu strains with pandemic potential, including the H5N1 bird flu virus that’s been raising fears.

“After a rigorous review, we concluded that continued investment in Moderna’s H5N1 mRNA vaccine was not scientifically or ethically justifiable,” HHS Communications Director Andrew Nixon said in a statement.

“This is not simply about efficacy — it’s about safety, integrity, and trust. The reality is that mRNA technology remains under-tested, and we are not going to spend taxpayer dollars repeating the mistakes of the last administration, which concealed legitimate safety concerns from the public,” Nixon said.

He added that “the move signals a shift in federal vaccine funding priorities toward platforms with better-established safety profiles and transparent data practices. HHS remains committed to advancing pandemic preparedness through technologies that are evidence-based, ethically grounded, and publicly accountable.” The official did not provide any additional details.

Jennifer Nuzzo, the director of Brown University’s Pandemic Center, said the decision was “disappointing, but unsurprising given the politically-motivated, evidence-free rhetoric that tries to paint mRNA vaccines as being dangerous.”

“While there are other means of making flu vaccines in a pandemic, they are slower and some rely on eggs, which may be in short supply,” Nuzzo added in an email. “What we learned clearly during the last influenza pandemic is there are only a few companies in the world that make flu vaccines, which means in a pandemic there won’t be enough to go around. If the U.S. wants to make sure it can get enough vaccines for every American who wants them during a pandemic, it should invest in multiple types of vaccines instead of putting all of our eggs in one basket.”

The cancellation comes even though Moderna says a study involving 300 healthy adults had produced “positive interim” results and the company “had previously expected to advance the program to late-stage development.”

“While the termination of funding from HHS adds uncertainty, we are pleased by the robust immune response and safety profile observed in this interim analysis of the Phase 1/2 study of our H5 avian flu vaccine and we will explore alternative paths forward for the program,” Stéphane Bancel, Moderna’s chief executive officer, said in a statement. “These clinical data in pandemic influenza underscore the critical role mRNA technology has played as a countermeasure to emerging health threats.”

The administration’s move drew sharp criticism from outside experts.

“This decision puts the lives and health of the American people at risk,” said Dr. Ashish Jha, the dean of the Brown School of Public Health, who served as President Biden’s COVID-19 response coordinator.

“Bird Flu is a well known threat and the virus has continued to evolve. If the virus develops the ability to spread from person to person, we could see a large number of people get sick and die from this infection,” Jha said. “The program to develop the next generation of vaccines was essential to protecting Americans. The attack by the Administration on the mRNA vaccine platform is absurd.”

Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota agreed.

“This decision will make our country far less prepared to respond to the next influenza pandemic,” he said in an email. “This is a dangerous course to follow.”

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the H5N1 flu virus has spread to 41 dairy herds, and 24 poultry farms and culling operations, and caused 70 human cases. While the virus has had a high mortality rate in other countries, so far H5N1 has only caused one death in the U.S. and has not shown any signs of spreading easily from one person to another. But infectious disease experts are concerned that the more the virus spreads, the greater the chance it could mutate into a form that would spread from person to person, which would increase the risk of a pandemic.

“I worried that if I stopped tracking macros, I would lose my physique.”

After years of careful macro tracking, Dr. Fundaro finally admitted to herself that the method no longer worked for her. Yet she was afraid to give it up.

If anyone should feel confident in their food choices, it would be Dr. Gabrielle Fundaro. After all, Dr. Fundaro has a PhD in Human Nutrition, a decade-plus of nutrition coaching experience, and six powerlifting competitions under her belt.

Yet, when she was really honest with herself, Dr. Fundaro realized that she felt far from confident around food. For years, she’d used macro counting as a way to stay “on track” with her eating.

And it worked… until it didn’t.

After years of macro tracking, Dr. Fundaro was tired of the whole thing. She was tired of making sure her macros were perfectly in balance. She was sick of not being able to just pick whatever she wanted off a menu and enjoy the meal, trusting that her health and physique wouldn’t go sideways as a result.

Yet the idea of not tracking freaked her out. Every time she quit tracking, she worried:

“What if I don’t eat enough protein, and lose all my muscle?”

“What if I overeat and gain fat?”

“What if I have no idea how to fuel myself without tracking macros? And what does that say about me as an expert in the field of nutrition?”

The more Dr. Fundaro wrestled with macro tracking, the more she wanted to find an alternative.

Something that would support her nutritional goals while also giving her a sense of freedom and peace around food.

Calorie counting wouldn’t do it. That was just as restrictive as counting macros—maybe more.

Intuitive eating didn’t seem like a good fit either. Intuitive eating relies heavily on a person’s ability to tune into internal hunger and fullness cues to guide food choices and amounts. After years of relying on external cues (like her macro targets), Dr. Fundaro didn’t feel trusting enough of her own instincts; she wanted more structure.

Meanwhile, at the gym, Dr. Fundaro began lifting based on the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale—a framework that helps individuals quantify the amount of effort they’re putting into a given movement or activity. It’s considered a valuable tool to help people train safely and effectively according to their ability and goals. (More on that soon.)

While using the RPE scale in her training, Dr. Fundaro found she was both getting stronger and recovering better. There was something to this combination of structure and intuition that just worked.

And then, it dawned on Dr. Fundaro like the apple hit Sir Isaac Newton on the head:

If Rate of Perceived Exertion could help her train better, couldn’t a similar framework help her eat better?

With that, the RPE-Eating Scale was born.

Dr. Fundaro has since used this alternative method to help herself and her clients regain confidence and self-trust around food; improve nutritional awareness and competence; and free themselves from food tracking.

(Yup, Dr. Fundaro finally trusts her eating choices—no macro tracker in sight.)

In this article, you’ll learn how she did it, plus:

• What the RPE-Eating scale is
• How to practice RPE-Eating
• How to use RPE-Eating for weight loss or gain
• Whether RPE-Eating is right for you or your clients
• What to keep in mind if you’re skeptical of the concept

What is RPE-Eating?

Invented by Gunnar Borg in the 1960’s, Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a scale that’s used to measure an individual’s perceived level of effort or exertion during exercise.

Though Borg’s RPE uses a scale that goes from 6 to 20, many modern scales use a 0 to 10 range (which is the range that Dr. Fundaro adapted for her RPE-Eating scale).

Here’s the RPE scale used in fitness.

Rating	Perceived Exertion Level
0	No exertion, at rest
1	Very light
2-3	Light
4-5	Moderate, somewhat hard
6-7	High, vigorous
8-9	Very hard
10	Maximum effort, highest possible

Originally used in physiotherapy settings, the scale is now frequently used in fitness training.

For example, powerlifters might use it to choose how heavy they want to go during a training session. Or, pregnant women might use it to ensure they aren’t over-exerting themselves during a fitness class or strength training session.

Because human experience is highly subjective and individual, the scale allows the exerciser to judge how hard they’re working for themselves. A coach can provide a general guideline, such as “aim for a 7/10 this set,” but it’s up to the client to determine exactly what that means for them.

Dr. Fundaro had used the scale many times with herself, and clients. She always appreciated the sense of autonomy it gave her clients, while still providing some structure.

So, she decided to take the same 1-10 scale and its principles, and apply it to eating.

Here’s what the RPE-Eating Scale looks like:

The goal with RPE-Eating is similar to RPE when training: Develop the skills to determine what is sufficient for you, without having to rely on other external metrics (such as apps or trackers).

How to practice RPE-Eating

If you’ve ever practiced RPE-training, you’ll know it takes some time to get used to. RPE-Eating is the same.

Don’t expect to be in lockstep with all of your body’s internal cues at first, especially if you’ve been ignoring them for a long time.

With this in mind, apply the steps below to practice the RPE-Eating process.

Step #1: Get clear on your goals.

RPE-Eating is not just another diet.

“It’s not about aiming to change your body,” Dr. Fundaro explains. “It’s not about feeling more control over your diet. Nor is it about feeling like you’re eating the ‘optimal’ diet.”

If your priority is maintaining a specific physique (such as staying ultra lean) or changing your body (building muscle or losing fat), this method can be adapted for that, though it isn’t the most efficient one to use.

Instead, RPE-Eating is about sensing into what your body needs and giving yourself appropriate nourishment—while building inner trust and confidence along the way.

“You have to trust that you’ll be able to nourish your body, and that you’ll be okay even though things may change in your body,” says Dr. Fundaro.

Admittedly, this can be challenging to do. It can also be difficult to let go of the expectation that you’ll hit the “right” macros at every meal—which RPE-Eating isn’t specifically designed to do.

However, if your goal is to build more self-trust, RPE-Eating can be a great tool to help you do that.

Step #2: Practice identifying your hunger cues

Before we explore this step, let’s distinguish between two motivators for eating.

First, there’s hunger. Hunger occurs when physical cues in your body (like a general sense of emptiness or rumbling in your stomach, or lightheadedness) tells you that you require energy—known to us mortals as food.

Then, there’s appetite. Appetite is our desire or interest in eating. It can stay peaked even after hunger is quelled, especially if something looks or tastes especially delicious—like a warm, gooey cookie offered after dinner that you feel you have to try, even though you’re technically full.

While it’s normal to eat for both hunger and appetite drives, the two can become mixed up. Especially if we have a history of dieting and tracking food.

The RPE-Eating scale helps you tap back into those true physical hunger cues, and learn the difference between hunger and appetite.

To put this in practice, try this before your next meal:

▶ Using the RPE-Eating scale mentioned above, identify your current level of hunger. Record the number on paper or the notes app on your phone.

▶ Then, eat your meal with as much presence as possible. (Note: This in itself takes practice. It can help to limit distractions, such as eating at the table rather than in front of the TV, and focusing on the flavors and textures of the food you’re eating, and how you feel eating it.)

▶ About halfway through the meal, check in again. Based on the scale, how hungry are you now? As before, record the number.

▶ If you’re still hungry, finish your meal. When you’re finished, repeat the same process, writing down where you are on the scale.

▶ Once you’re done, take a minute and tune into what your body feels like. What does it feel like to be full? “Download” that feeling into your mind and internalize it in your body, as if you’re updating your phone with the latest software.

Repeat this for as many meals as you can. Aim to do it for one meal a day for a week or so, or for as long as feels good to you. Don’t worry if you forget: simply repeat the practice when you can.

The more you practice this, the better you’ll become at being attuned with your actual hunger cues. With time, you’ll likely find you develop more trust in your internal compass than what the latest diet tracker says for your needs.

(For more on fully-tuned-in, mindful eating, read: The benefits of slow eating.)

Step #3: Get to know your non-hunger triggers

Have you ever come home after a super stressful day and you’ve basically thrown yourself onto a bag of chips or a carton of ice cream?

We might like to imagine ourselves eating every meal mindfully, using the RPE- Eating system to a tee, but life rarely works like that.

Chances are, there are certain situations that trigger you to eat more quickly, mindlessly, and beyond the point of hunger.

That’s okay.

Dr. Fundaro’s suggestion? Aim to become more aware of the situations that cause you to overeat in the first place.

To do this, you can practice something we use in PN Coaching: Notice and name.

When you find yourself scarfing down food faster than you can blink, simply try to notice what’s going on.

Can you name a feeling—such as anxiety, or sadness?

Can you identify a situation or moment that happened before you started eating—say, an argument with your teenager, or a nasty email from your boss?

Once you’ve identified the feeling, event, or person that’s triggered you to eat compulsively, see if you can also identify what you might really be needing or desiring.

Eating for comfort is normal. However, if it’s the only coping method we have, it can cause more problems than it solves in the long run.

When you find yourself with an urge to eat mindlessly, consider what non-food coping mechanisms might help you feel better. That could be 10 minutes away from your computer to close your eyes and breathe, a walk outside, or a quick call to a friend to rant—or just talk about something completely unrelated.

Getting to know your non-hunger eating triggers—plus widening your repertoire of self-soothing methods—is just as valuable as getting to know your hunger cues. Over time, this awareness will allow you to eat with more intention.

Step #4: Eat for satiety AND satisfaction

Even when you’re “adequately fueled” from a physical perspective, you might still feel unsatisfied from an emotional perspective.

That’s because, according to the RPE-Eating framework, eating should fulfill two criteria:

▶ Satiety describes the physical sensation of being full; your calorie or fuel needs are met.

▶ Satisfaction describes a more holistic feeling of being nourished; your calorie needs are met, but your meal also felt pleasurable.

If you ate to satiety only, your calorie needs might be met and your physical hunger quelled, but you might still feel unsatisfied—maybe because chocolate is on your “don’t” list, and even though you’ve eaten everything else in your kitchen that isn’t chocolate, nothing quite “hit the spot.”

In other words, you can eat to satiety at every meal, yet still be “restricting” foods.

You may not be restricting calories per se, but you may have banned entire food groups—baked goods, pizza, or whatever else curls your toes. This can lead to a feeling of constantly needing to police yourself, and doesn’t leave much room for the flexibility and spontaneity that real-life (enjoyable) eating requires.

(Plus, avoiding particular foods tends to work like a pendulum: restrict now; binge later. If you want to learn how to stop those wild swings, read: How to eat junk food: A guide for conflicted humans)

Satisfaction is a key part of eating.

After all, humans don’t just eat for adequate nutrients and energy. We eat for other reasons too: pleasure, novelty, tradition, community, enjoyment.

So, to take your RPE-Eating to the next level, Dr. Fundaro recommends trying it with meals and foods you genuinely enjoy.

If any foods or meals have been “off-limits,” try eating them using the RPE technique. (Macaroni and cheese, anyone?)

Practice using the scale with a variety of meals (including those you may have restricted previously), and notice how you feel over time.

With experience, you’ll get to know what it feels like to adequately fuel yourself with a variety of foods—including those you genuinely enjoy.

How to use RPE- Eating for weight loss or weight gain

According to Dr. Fundaro, the best way to use RPE-Eating is in a weight-neutral setting.

While it could be used for weight modification, she doesn’t recommend treating it as another way to hit your macros or “goal weight.”

“I’m not anti-weight modification,” Dr. Fundaro explains. “I’m pro safe weight modification. I compare weight loss to contact sports. There are inherent risks but they can be mitigated through best practices.”

Dr. Fundaro elaborates: “Since RPE-Eating removes macro-tracking, which can increase risk of disordered eating in some people, and relies on biofeedback and non-hunger triggers, RPE-Eating provides a safety net that macro-tracking alone doesn’t provide.”

But if you do want to use RPE-Eating for intentional weight change, what should you do?

Dr. Fundaro recommends aiming to hover around the ranges that support your goal.

(As a reminder, a 1 to 3 on the RPE-Eating scale is categorized as “inadequate fuel; a 4 to 7 is categorized as “adequate fuel”; and a 8 to 10 is categorized as “excess fuel.”)

▶ If the goal is weight gain, you’ll likely aim to eat within the 7 to 8 range for most of your meals.

▶ If the goal is weight loss, you’ll likely aim to eat within the 4 to 5 range for most of your meals.

A key thing to remember is that you would never use RPE-Eating for extreme weight-modification such as for a bodybuilding competition. “That would be like using physio exercises to prepare for a powerlifting competition.” In other words, it’s not the right tool for the job.

Hold up, bro: Isn’t this just feelings over facts?

If you’re skeptical and think this is just eating “based on your feelings,” keep in mind that RPE was once laughed at by lifters, too.

These days, RPE and autoregulation are widely accepted in gym culture and have been studied as a valid method for managing and guiding your training. ¹

RPE isn’t perfect, but it’s pretty accurate and incredibly convenient. A lot more convenient than, say, using a velocity loss tracker for every set. ^{2 3}

And while it might seem like it’s all feelings-based, the RPE scale is actually built around practicing the skill of interoceptive awareness—the awareness of internal sensations in your body.

The better you get at the skill of interoceptive awareness, the more you’ll be able to use that awareness to make informed decisions about your training.

RPE-Eating is similar: It builds the skill of sensing into your own body, and lets your internal sensations guide your decisions.

Similar to how the bar slowing down on a squat would indicate you’re getting closer to failure, experiencing the absence of hunger at the end of your meal would indicate you’re closer to being full.

Instead of tracking your glucose levels to validate your perceived hunger, you use internal cues that correlate with lowered blood sugar and coincide with hunger.

And, let’s be real: Being mindful of stomach grumbling or general hunger pangs is much more convenient and accessible than tracking glucose readings.

This process will not be perfect. You may undereat or overeat at first. But over time, with practice, you’ll build the core skills of RPE-Eating.

Are there downsides to RPE-Eating?

While this tool can be helpful, it’s just a tool. A screwdriver is great, but it isn’t useful when you need a hammer.

RPE-Eating can be great for helping you become more aware of your internal hunger cues and build a better relationship with food along the way.

It can also be more laborious. It requires paying real attention to your feelings (physical and emotional), and reflecting on them.

This can be difficult for anyone—but especially people who aren’t able to sit at the table and have a leisurely meal, like parents with small kids, or people with work schedules that require eating on-the-go.

If this is you, just use RPE-Eating when it does work for you—or simply pick and choose specific steps to use in isolation. For example, maybe you try RPE-Eating on the occasional quiet lunch break. Or, maybe you focus solely on developing your awareness of hunger and fullness cues, without trying to change anything else.

If you’ve been tracking macros for a long time, it can be hard to stop.

Tracking macros isn’t inherently bad. It can actually be a helpful tool to teach you more about nutrition. But it’s also not something most people want to do for the rest of their lives.

The problem is, if you’ve depended on tracking your food intake, stopping can feel scary.

In these cases, RPE-Eating can be used as a kind of off-ramp to help transition away from rigid and restrictive macro tracking.

(It can also help loosen the compulsion to “always finish your plate.” Though macros tracking and habitual plate-cleaning may sound different, they’re actually similar: both rely on external cues—such as macro targets or what’s served on your plate—to determine when you’re “done.”)

RPE-Eating won’t take away all the scary feelings that may come with changing ingrained ways of eating.

However, it can provide some structure and language to help you, or your clients, eat with less fear, less stress, and a bit more confidence.

“The goal,” says Dr. Fundaro, “is to know that you’re nourishing yourself—and you don’t need a food tracker to do that.”

References

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Dry lips are something I think about more in the winter, but they happen in the summer too. Especially when you live in a really hot climate or sweat a lot (like I do). This lip balm recipe features healthy tallow for a natural way to pamper your lips!

What is Tallow?

Some of the latest health trends have featured vegan and plant-based ingredients. And while there are some really good plant-based skincare ingredients, animal based ones can be a nutritional powerhouse. If those ingredients come from pasture-raised, free-range, and otherwise healthy animals that is.

Tallow is making a comeback and getting it’s time in the limelight. This ancient, animal based fat comes from cows, but you can also render fat from pigs (lard), and other animals. Sheep tallow is also supposed to be really good, but I used beef tallow in this lip balm.

Tallow is naturally high in the fatty acids palmitate, stearate, and oleate. Our skin’s top layers are largely composed of lipids (fats), and this barrier needs to be protected to avoid skin damage. Since tallow is an animal fat it has the unique ability to interact with our skin’s lipids. A meta-analysis also found that tallow may increase the fatty acid composition in our skin, plus it hydrates and moisturizes.

Altogether this makes tallow a great option for protecting and moisturizing our lips. You can read more about tallow’s benefits here.

Other Lip Nourishing Ingredients

Tallow on it’s own will work just fine, but it is temperature sensitive. It also doesn’t travel too well in a lip balm container. I’ve added beeswax to this recipe to add some more firmness and provide even more of a protective barrier on skin. You can make this with half tallow and half beeswax, but I also wanted to add a liquid carrier oil.

I used apricot oil, but any liquid carrier oil will work. Olive oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, macadamia nut oil, and sweet almond oil are all good options.

And lastly, I used some essential oils to give it a nice scent. Be sure to use ones that are safe for lips to avoid any irritation or photosensitivity. The last thing you want is to slather on some lime flavored lip balm before a day at the beach and get a nasty lip sunburn! Here’s a list of some essential oils that are safe to use on the lips (as long as they’re diluted).

• Sweet orange
• Lavender
• Rose
• Frankincense
• Grapefruit
• Patchouli
• Peppermint
• Geranium
• Tangerine

You can also mix and match to create your own scent! The recommended maximum dilution ratio for lips is often (but not always) 4 to 5 percent. This recipes uses the essential oils at 2%, but you can change the amount (or omit) if desired. You can find high quality essential oils here.

How Many Lip Balms Does This Make?

Typical lip balm tubes hold just a little less than 1 teaspoon. This recipe will fill about 10 lip balm tubes, but you can increase or decrease the amount as desired. I used metal lip slide tins and this recipe yielded 5 of those.

More Lip Recipes

If you’re on a roll and feel like making more DIY lip recipes, here are a few of my favorites.

Are you a lip balm fan? What are some of your favorite flavors or scents to use? Leave a comment and let us know!

Introduction

As AI adoption accelerates across industries, businesses face an undeniable truth — AI is only as powerful as the data that fuels it. To truly harness AI’s potential, organizations must effectively manage, store, and process high-scale data while ensuring cost efficiency, resilience, performance and operational agility. 

At Cisco Support Case Management – IT, we confronted this challenge head-on. Our team delivers a centralized IT platform that manages the entire lifecycle of Cisco product and service cases. Our mission is to provide customers with the fastest and most effective case resolution, leveraging best-in-class technologies and AI-driven automation. We achieve this while maintaining a platform that is highly scalable, highly available, and cost-efficient. To deliver the best possible customer experience, we must efficiently store and process massive volumes of growing data. This data fuels and trains our AI models, which power critical automation solutions to deliver faster and more accurate resolutions. Our biggest challenge was striking the right balance between building a highly scalable and reliable database cluster while ensuring cost and operational efficiency. 

Traditional approaches to high availability often rely on separate clusters per datacenter, leading to significant costs, not just for the initial setup but to maintain and manage the data replication process and high availability. However, AI workloads demand real-time data access, rapid processing, and uninterrupted availability, something legacy architectures struggle to deliver. 

So, how do you architect a multi-datacenter infrastructure that can persist and process massive data to support AI and data-intensive workloads, all while keeping operational costs low? That’s exactly the challenge our team set out to solve. 

In this blog, we’ll explore how we built an intelligent, scalable, and AI-ready data infrastructure that enables real-time decision-making, optimizes resource utilization, reduces costs and redefines operational efficiency. 

Rethinking AI-ready case management at scale

In today’s AI-driven world, customer support is no longer just about resolving cases, it’s about continuously learning and automating to make resolution faster and better while efficiently handling the cost and operational agility.  

The same rich dataset that powers case management must also fuel AI models and automation workflows, reducing case resolution time from hours or days to mere minutes, which helps in increased customer satisfaction. 

This created a fundamental challenge: decoupling the primary database that serves mainstream case management transactional system from an AI-ready, search-friendly database, a necessity for scaling automation without overburdening the core platform. While the idea made perfect sense, it introduced two major concerns: cost and scalability. As AI workloads grow, so does the amount of data. Managing this ever-expanding dataset while ensuring high performance, resilience, and minimal manual intervention during outages required an entirely new approach. 

Rather than following the traditional model of deploying separate database clusters per data center for high availability, we took a bold step toward building a single stretched database cluster spanning multiple data centers. This architecture not only optimized resource utilization and reduced both initial and maintenance costs but also ensured seamless data availability. 

By rethinking traditional index database infrastructure models, we redefined AI-powered automation for Cisco case management, paving the way for faster, smarter, and more cost-effective support solutions. 

How we solved it – The technology foundation

Building a multi-data center modern index database cluster required a robust technological foundation, capable of handling high-scale data processing, ultra-low latency for faster data replication, and careful design approach to build a fault-tolerance to support high availability without compromising performance, or cost-efficiency. 

Network Requirements

A key challenge in stretching an index database cluster across multiple data centers is network performance. Traditional high availability architectures rely on separate clusters per data center, often struggling with data replication, latency, and synchronization bottlenecks. To begin with, we conducted a detailed network assessment across our Cisco data centers focusing on: 

• Latency and bandwidth requirements – Our AI-powered automation workloads demand real-time data access. We analyzed latency and bandwidth between two separate data centers to determine if a stretched cluster was viable.  
• Capacity planning – We assessed our expected data growth, AI query patterns, and indexing rates to ensure that the infrastructure could scale efficiently. 
• Resiliency and failover readiness – The network needed to handle automated failovers, ensuring uninterrupted data availability, even during outages. 

How Cisco’s high-performance data center paved the way

Cisco’s high-performance data center networking laid a strong foundation for building the multi-data center stretch single database cluster. The latency and bandwidth provided by Cisco data centers exceeded our expectation to confidently move on to the next step of designing a stretch cluster. Our implementation leveraged:

• Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) – Offered a policy-driven, software-defined network, ensuring optimized routing, low-latency communication, and workload-aware traffic management between data centers.  
• Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) and Nexus 9000 Switches – Enabled high-throughput, resilient, and dynamically scalable interconnectivity, crucial for quick data synchronization across data centers. 

The Cisco data center and networking technology made this possible. It empowered Cisco IT to take this idea forward and enabled us to build this successful cluster which saves significant costs and provides high operational efficiency.

Our implementation – The multi-data center stretch cluster leveraging Cisco data center and network power

With the right network infrastructure in place, we set out to build a highly available, scalable, and AI-optimized database cluster spanning multiple data centers.

 

Cisco multi-data center stretch Index database cluster

 

Key design decisions

• Single logical, multi-data center cluster for real-time AI-driven automation – Instead of maintaining separate clusters per data center which doubles costs, increases maintenance efforts, and demands significant manual intervention, we built a stretched cluster across multiple data centers. This design leverages Cisco’s exceptionally powerful data center network, enabling seamless data synchronization and supporting real-time AI-driven automation with improved efficiency and scalability.  
• Intelligent data placement and synchronization – We strategically position data nodes across multiple data centers using custom data allocation policies to ensure each data center maintains a unique copy of the data, enhancing high availability and fault tolerance. Additionally, locally attached storage disks on virtual machines enable faster data synchronization, leveraging Cisco’s robust data center capabilities to achieve minimal latency. This approach optimizes both performance and cost-efficiency while ensuring data resilience for AI models and critical workloads. This approach helps in faster AI-driven queries, reducing data retrieval latencies for automation workflows. 
• Automated failover and high availability – With a single cluster stretched across multiple data centers, failover occurs automatically due to the cluster’s inherent fault tolerance. In the event of virtual machine, node, or data center outages, traffic is seamlessly rerouted to available nodes or data centers with minimal to no human intervention. This is made possible by the robust network capabilities of Cisco’s data centers, enabling data synchronization in less than 5 milliseconds for minimal disruption and maximum uptime. 

Results

By implementing these AI-focused optimizations, we ensured that the case management system could power automation at scale, reduce resolution time, and maintain resilience and efficiency. The results were realized quickly.

• Faster case resolution: Reduced resolution time from hours/days to just minutes by enabling real-time AI-powered automation. 
• Cost savings: Eliminated redundant clusters, cutting infrastructure costs while improving resource utilization.  
  • Infrastructure cost reduction: 50% savings per quarter by limiting it to one single-stretch cluster, by completing eliminating a separate backup cluster. 
  • License cost reduction: 50% savings per quarter as the licensing is required just for one cluster. 
• Seamless AI model training and automation workflows: Provided scalable, high-performance indexing for continuous AI learning and automation improvements. 
• High resilience and minimal downtime: Automated failovers ensured 99.99% availability, even during maintenance or network disruptions. 
• Future-ready scalability: Designed to handle growing AI workloads, ensuring that as data scales, the infrastructure remains efficient and cost-effective.

By rethinking traditional high availability strategies and leveraging Cisco’s cutting-edge data center technology, we created a next-gen case management platform—one that’s smarter, faster, and AI-driven.

 

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