Compare Liquid Mutual Funds vs Liquid ETFs in India 2025. Understand safety, returns, taxation, liquidity, iNAV issues, and which suits you best.
When it comes to parking short-term surplus or creating an emergency fund, most Indian investors turn to Liquid Mutual Funds. In recent years, another option—Liquid ETFs—has started attracting attention, especially after the popularity of Nippon’s Liquid BeES. Both seem to do the same job: invest in ultra-short-term, safe, high-quality debt instruments like Treasury Bills and Commercial Papers. But in practice, they work differently, and the difference becomes crucial when you actually try to buy, sell, or redeem.
Liquid Mutual Funds vs Liquid ETF – Which is Better in India?
In this post, let’s dig deep into Liquid Mutual Funds vs Liquid ETFs in the Indian context of 2025. We will cover taxation, liquidity, NAV vs iNAV, execution risks, and who should use which product. The discussion is written in simple, explanatory language, avoiding jargon wherever possible.
How Do Liquid Mutual Funds Work?
A Liquid Mutual Fund is the simplest short-term investment option. You put in money today, and the fund invests in very short maturity instruments. Your investment starts earning from the same day (if placed before the cut-off). The next day, the units are allotted based on the day’s declared Net Asset Value (NAV).
If you redeem, the fund house directly credits the money into your bank account, usually the next business day (T+1). Some funds also offer instant redemption up to Rs.50,000 per day per PAN, making them even more convenient for emergency purposes.
The key here is that everything happens at the declared NAV. You don’t need to worry about timing, liquidity in the market, or whether someone is willing to buy your units.
How Do Liquid ETFs Work?
A Liquid ETF, like Nippon Liquid BeES, works differently. While the portfolio is broadly the same as a liquid fund, the way you transact is via the stock exchange. That means:
- You need a demat account.
- You buy or sell units at the prevailing market price on NSE/BSE.
- Settlement happens like any stock trade (T+1).
This sounds simple, but there is a catch. The ETF has two reference values:
- NAV: Declared once daily, just like a mutual fund.
- iNAV (Indicative NAV): Updated every 15 seconds by NSE. This reflects the fair value of the underlying portfolio during the trading day.
In theory, the traded price of an ETF should match its iNAV. But in practice, especially in India, due to limited volumes, ETFs often trade at a small premium or discount to iNAV. This creates an execution risk. If you buy at a premium and later sell at a discount, your returns may be worse than someone in a plain liquid fund, even if the underlying portfolio performed identically.
NAV vs iNAV – The Transparency Challenge in India
In developed markets like the US, iNAV tracking is near perfect because ETFs are highly liquid and market makers ensure that the traded price rarely deviates from iNAV. Investors also have access to rich datasets, including historical iNAV values, making it easy to back-test how efficient an ETF has been.
In India, the situation is different.
- The NAV is available daily from the AMC or AMFI.
- The traded price is visible from NSE or BSE historical quotes.
- But the iNAV history is not available publicly. NSE only shows it live during market hours, and no archive exists for retail investors.
This creates a data transparency gap. Retail investors cannot verify whether the ETF consistently traded close to its fair value in the past. This lack of historical iNAV makes Liquid ETFs harder to analyze compared to Liquid Mutual Funds, where daily NAV history is publicly available on AMFI’s website.
In other words, while mutual funds give you full transparency, ETFs in India still require you to trust that execution was fair, without a way to validate historically.
Taxation in 2025 – Uniform for Both
Until 2023, debt mutual funds (including liquid funds) enjoyed favorable long-term capital gains taxation with indexation benefits if held for more than 3 years. But this advantage ended from 1st April 2023.
Now, in 2025, both Liquid Mutual Funds and Liquid ETFs are taxed identically:
- Any gains, regardless of holding period, are taxed as per your income tax slab.
- There is no long-term or short-term differentiation.
This means for a person in the 30% tax bracket, whether you hold a liquid fund for one day or one year, or whether you hold an ETF, the tax treatment is the same. Therefore, taxation no longer plays a role in choosing between the two.
Liquidity – The Real Deal Breaker
When it comes to liquidity, mutual funds and ETFs behave very differently in India.
- Liquid Funds: Redemption is always available at NAV. No dependency on buyers or sellers. AMCs guarantee liquidity, and the money reaches your bank account in T+1 (or instantly for some portion in select funds).
- Liquid ETFs: Liquidity depends on market participants. If you want to sell, there must be buyers at the price you expect. On low-volume days, you may face a wide bid-ask spread, which means you either sell at a lower price or wait longer. While institutions can create or redeem ETF units directly with the AMC (removing liquidity concerns), retail investors depend entirely on exchange liquidity.
This makes Liquid ETFs less reliable for emergency money in India. In advanced markets, where ETF volumes run into millions of dollars daily, this is not an issue. But in India, where trading volumes in liquid ETFs are relatively thin (except for Liquid BeES to some extent), retail investors face genuine execution risks.
Who Should Use What?
Liquid Mutual Funds are better suited for most retail investors. They are simple, transparent, easy to transact, and provide predictable liquidity. If your goal is to park emergency funds, or short-term money for upcoming expenses, liquid funds are the clear winner.
Liquid ETFs, on the other hand, work better for:
- Corporates, HNIs, and institutions who already use stock exchange infrastructure.
- Traders who want to use ETFs as collateral in derivatives.
- Investors who prefer intraday liquidity (buying and selling within market hours).
For a common retail investor, the demat requirement, trading execution, iNAV premium/discount, and liquidity risks outweigh the small cost efficiency benefits of ETFs.
FAQs on Liquid Mutual Funds vs Liquid ETF
Are Liquid ETFs safer than Liquid Mutual Funds?
Both invest in the same safe short-term instruments. The difference is not portfolio safety, but execution safety. Mutual funds give assured NAV-based execution, while ETFs may trade away from iNAV due to market liquidity.
Why does iNAV matter for ETFs and where can I check it?
iNAV reflects the real-time fair value of an ETF. Ideally, ETF prices should match iNAV, but in India, they often deviate due to low liquidity. Live iNAV can be checked on NSE’s website during market hours, but no historical data is available for retail investors. This transparency gap makes it harder to judge ETF efficiency in India.
Can Liquid ETFs give better returns than Liquid Mutual Funds?
The underlying returns are the same, but ETFs may have lower expenses. However, any benefit can be wiped out if you buy at a premium or sell at a discount to iNAV. So in practice, returns can be worse if execution is poor.
Which is more liquid in India—Liquid ETF or Liquid Mutual Fund?
Mutual funds guarantee liquidity via AMC redemption. ETFs depend on trading volumes and can face liquidity issues. Hence, for Indian retail investors, liquid funds are more liquid in practice.
How are Liquid ETFs taxed in 2025 compared to Liquid Mutual Funds?
Both are taxed the same—gains are added to income and taxed as per your slab, with no long-term benefit. This rule has been in effect since April 2023.
Can retail investors use Liquid ETFs for emergency funds?
While technically possible, it is not practical. ETFs depend on exchange liquidity and may not let you exit at a fair price during emergencies. Mutual funds are far more reliable for this purpose.
Who should prefer Liquid ETFs over Mutual Funds?
ETFs are suitable for institutions, corporates, and active traders who need intraday liquidity or collateral usage. For everyday retail investors, liquid funds remain the better choice.
Conclusion
The debate between Liquid Mutual Funds vs Liquid ETFs boils down to execution and transparency in India. Both invest in safe short-term debt instruments, both are equally taxed, and both aim to provide low-risk returns. But mutual funds offer smooth, predictable liquidity and full transparency through daily NAV history. ETFs, while efficient in theory, suffer from thin trading volumes and the absence of historical iNAV data for retail investors, making them less reliable for everyday investors.
Until Indian markets deepen and data becomes more transparent, Liquid Mutual Funds remain the superior choice for retail investors, while Liquid ETFs serve niche needs of institutions and sophisticated market participants.
Note – Refer to our earlier posts on Debt Mutual Funds at “Debt Mutual Funds Basics“.
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